What is ADHD?

Main clinical features

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity, across multiple settings (school, work, daily life). Three main clinical presentations are distinguished:

• Inattentive: difficulty sustaining attention, organizing tasks, following instructions, or staying focused on lengthy activities.

• Hyperactive/impulsive: motor agitation, difficulty remaining seated, tendency to interrupt or act without thinking.

• Combined: association of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (DSM-5, ICD-11).

Diagnosis

ADHD diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical evaluation. Most often, a psychologist or neuropsychologist conducts cognitive and behavioral assessments, which inform a physician (psychiatrist, neuropediatrician, pediatrician) who establishes the diagnosis.

It draws on in-depth clinical interviews, standardized questionnaires (such as the DIVA-5 or executive-function scales like the BRIEF), and observation of functioning across life contexts (family, school, work).

Diagnosis can be made at any age, provided that symptoms were present before age 12.

After the diagnosis

An ADHD diagnosis enables better self-understanding (for oneself or one’s child) and the implementation of appropriate follow-up (educational, therapeutic, or occupational).

ADHD care is personalized and may include psychoeducation to better understand and manage ADHD daily, therapeutic supports (behavioral, cognitive, psychological), and, if indicated, medication prescribed and monitored by a physician.

Depending on daily-life impact, disability recognition may be requested to access administrative supports or study/work accommodations.

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